We estimate Eq. (1) by replacing Dij (Bij) with three different sets of dowry and bride price paid to others (i.e., \( \overlinej>> \) and \( \overlinej>> \) , \( \overline> \) and \( \overline> \) , or the community-based dowry and bride price), and three sets of reduced-form estimation results are presented in Table 4. Each panel presents estimation results of a reduced-form regression with a different set of dowry and bride price paid to others. To be comparable with Panel A, the OLS estimation results with women who have at least one brother and one sister are presented in Appendix Table 8. The reduced-form estimation results support the main OLS estimation results shown in Table 2. That is, women enjoy higher status in the ily that tends to exchange higher dowries and when they come from a higher-dowry village, whereas a larger bride price is negatively associated with these same traits. Here, the amount of bride price paid to the wife’s sisters by their in-laws is significantly negatively associated with the wife’s autonomy. The third set, i.e., the community-based dowry and bride price, does not show any significant association with women’s status. This is likely because relatively weaker association between the community-based dowry (bride price) and the personal dowry (bride price) that the bride receives from her parents (in-laws) than other two sets. The estimates for other coefficients are not inconsistent with those shown in Table 2 and are available upon request.
Desk cuatro Connection anywhere between dowry/bride price (paid back of the inside the-legislation regarding siblings, others regarding village and you may community) and you may wife’s standing about relationship family (OLS)
4.3 Dialogue and you may robustness checks
For the determining brand new ladies standing in the marital household, the end result of your own online dowry (dowry without fiance rate) could possibly get number. Note that the degree of deferred mehr is included on their own away from the web dowry due to the fact former is not paid until divorce takes place and should not be considered property put towards relationships. The outcomes suggest that the new assets delivered toward ount) promote her choice-and then make energy and you can flexibility. These self-confident connectivity are not surprising because the new connections out-of bride-to-be speed paid off during the time of marriage work on counter so you can those of dowry in the primary estimations.
Maybe, an increased years or education huge difference might deteriorate brand new wife’s standing about relationship family. In addition to years distinction along with education improvement (replacement this new partner’s age and you will knowledge) does not change the fundamental effects, plus the coefficients of those variables aren’t tall (Appendix Table nine, Committee B).
New estimation process try constant by replacement dowry and bride to be rates having net dowry (Appendix Desk nine, Panel An excellent)
You to might argue that the number of ages due to the fact relationships was important since the outcome off dowry (otherwise bride to be rates) might be greater after marriage. In addition to decades due to the fact ount off dowry (replacement woman’s ages during the wedding) magnifies the beds base effect of dowry in women’s self-reliance however, decreases their magnitude therefore the advantages peak into the women’s decision making (Appendix Table nine, Panel C). This means you to definitely a much bigger dowry advances the wife’s liberty for the the marital family immediately after relationship; yet not, the association isn’t somewhat influenced by the new passage through of many years just like the marriage.
Zero way of measuring gender ideology is roofed in the main estimation because of endogeneity concerns. You to definitely might argue that inclusion of such measures could possibly get weaken the latest association between dowry and ladies status throughout the relationship domestic. Although we dont deny the chance that preferences and you may ideological values concerning the gender connections commonly built-in and alter along side marital life, the estimate process is actually regular because of the together with two measures to possess son preference: the first variable means you to definitely if the wife’s best level of sons is more than regarding daughters together with next translates to one to if the wife desires to give higher education so you’re able to sons in place of in order to daughters. Controlling getting gender ideology will not substantially impact the main estimation efficiency (Appendix Table 9, Committee D). Remarkably, ladies decision-making are surely on the young man preference. not, it’s negatively with the liking to have providing higher education to help you sons than daughters. A potential interpretation is that very knowledgeable women is generally against gender inequality inside the degree and be a great deal more empowered regarding the relationship house but favor that have much more sons than just daughters. It seems in line with specific current education proving one to child why are Copenhagen women so sexy preference is more prevalent certainly one of highly educated feminine unlike uneducated feminine inside the Southern area Asia (Das Gupta 1987; Muhuri and you may Preston 1991).